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Scientific research introduces APA citation style
Posted date 09/05/2016
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Posted date 09/05/2016
13.527 view
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Citation is a mandatory activity in any scientific research article. Accurate and scientific citation of existing research results not only demonstrates the continuity of a scientific research (because science does not come from nothing but through accumulation and continuous continuation), but also respect for the research results of other authors.
Nguyen Ngoc Minh - Department of Scientific Research and International Cooperation
Citation is a mandatory activity in any scientific research article. Accurate and scientific citation of existing research results not only demonstrates the continuity of a scientific research (because science does not come from nowhere but through accumulation and continuous continuation), respect for the research results of other authors (stealing ideas, or plagiarism, is a very serious mistake in the academic world), but also helps readers easily find information about the author and the work cited in the article. Regulations on citation methods in scientific research are very diverse with different citation systems in each country, including Vietnam.
However, the most popular and widely accepted are the Harvard, Chicago, MLR, IEEE citation systems and especially the APA citation system proposed by the American Psychological Association. In the context of Vietnam's education and research system increasingly integrating with the international community, the introduction of the international standard citation style (in this article, the APA citation style) is very necessary to help Vietnamese researchers apply it to their research papers as well as refer to other documents. In this article, the author would like to introduce some key points about the APA style specified in version 6.
I) Quote the content in the article
a. For citing data and ideas:
Researchers need to provide author information in the following format:
Last name (year of issue) if the information is placed at the beginning, or (last name, year of issue) if the information is placed at the end
For example, according to Jones (1998), APA style is difficult to learn for first-time learners.
Or
APA style is difficult to learn for first-timers (Jones, 1998).
Note: In case of quoting only ideas, the researcher must rewrite the idea in his/her own words.
b. For verbatim citations
Typically, verbatim citations are for definitions, concepts, or ideas that are so general that the researcher has no other way to express them than by using the original words of the previous authors. In such cases, the researcher should cite according to the following syntax:
Author's name, year of publication, page number of the content. Quotations must be placed in quotation marks.
For example, a product is “anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy a need or want” (Kotler, 2002, p.206).
Or
Kotler (2002) defines a product as “anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy a need or want” (p.206).
II) Cite the author in the article
a. If citing 1-2 authors: Cite their last name and year of publication, using the conjunction “and” or the hyphen “&”
For example, Kotler (2002) says that….
William and Buswell (2003) suggest that....
.....their expectations and perceptions of the service they have used (William & Buswell, 2003)
b. If citing 3-5 authors: Cite the full author and year of publication the first time you mention them, then only cite the first author's last name and use the abbreviation “ctg.” (or et al. in English) to refer to the remaining authors.
For example, Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, and Harlow (1993) argued that…. (first time)
Kernis et al. (1993) suggest that… (second time onwards)
c. If citing six or more authors: Use the last name of the first author and the abbreviation “ctg.” (or et al. in English) to refer to the remaining authors at the beginning.
For example, Harris & ctg. (2001) believe that...
Note: If the author of the article is listed as an organization, the researcher should state the full name of the organization along with the year of publication of the article. In case the organization name is too long or is a famous organization, the researcher can write the abbreviation of the organization name next to the full name in the first citation, and use the abbreviation in the following times.
For example: According to the World Bank (WB) in 2011,... (first time)
According to WB (2011),… (second time)
III) List author and work information in the Appendix
After citing the author and work in the article, the researcher will list full information about the author and work in the Appendix at the end of the research paper. This is a mandatory section to help the reviewer verify the accuracy of the researcher's references, as well as to help other researchers easily find the information cited in the research paper.
a. For the source of the quote being the content of a magazine or newspaper article
Syntax: Author's name, year of publication. Title of article, name of journal (italic), volume (issue/version), page number where the article is published in the journal.
Example 1: Nguyen, TD (2007). Factors affecting the utilization of the Internet by internationalizing firms in transition markets: Evidence from Vietnam. Marketing Intelligence and Planning , 25 (4), 360-76.
Example 2: Van Vugt, M., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R.B. (2008). Leadership, followship, and evolution: Some lessons from the past. American Psychologist , 63(3), 182-196.
Note: Although APA regulations only list the author's last name and initials, in the case of Vietnam, because there are some very common last names (such as Nguyen, Tran, etc.), listing only like that can cause difficulties in the process of searching for information. Therefore, researchers can choose to cite the full name of the cited author or cite according to the original APA standard, but must be consistent in the following citations and cannot use the two citation methods interchangeably (Nguyen Dinh Tho, 2011).
b. For the source of the quote is the content in the book
Syntax: Author's full name (year of publication). Book title (italic), edition. Place of publication: publisher name.
Example 1: Nguyen, D.T. (2011). Scientific research methods in business . Hanoi: Social Labor Publishing House.
Example 2: Frank, R.H., & Bernanke, B. (2007). Principles of macro-economics (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
c. For sources of citations that are content on the Internet
Syntax: Author's name, year of publication. Article name, link, access time
Example: Pham, D. K. (2007). Theoretical basis of network modeling (SEM) - (5 parts), from http://www.mba-15.com/view_news.php?id=774, read on December 19, 2011.
d. For the source of citation is the content of the thesis
Syntax: Author's full name (year of publication). Thesis title (italic), thesis level, faculty, school
Example: Phan, PhD (2004). Some local marketing solutions for Ho Chi Minh City to attract foreign direct investment , Master's thesis, Faculty of Industrial Management, Ho Chi Minh City National University.
Above, the author has briefly presented some key points of APA style citation. However, please note once again that in addition to APA, there are many other recognized citation systems such as MLR, Harvard, Chicago... as well as specific citation regulations of the scientific community in each country and educational institution. Therefore, this article is of reference value for researchers who want to learn and apply APA standard citation. In addition, the citation guidelines presented here are taken from the APA guide version 6, so in new versions of the American Psychological Association, the citation method may change. So we look forward to receiving the attention and comments of other researchers so that the author can perfect the content of his guide. Sincerely thank you!
However, the most popular and widely accepted are the Harvard, Chicago, MLR, IEEE citation systems and especially the APA citation system proposed by the American Psychological Association. In the context of Vietnam's education and research system increasingly integrating with the international community, the introduction of the international standard citation style (in this article, the APA citation style) is very necessary to help Vietnamese researchers apply it to their research papers as well as refer to other documents. In this article, the author would like to introduce some key points about the APA style specified in version 6.
I) Quote the content in the article
a. For citing data and ideas:
Researchers need to provide author information in the following format:
Last name (year of issue) if the information is placed at the beginning, or (last name, year of issue) if the information is placed at the end
For example, according to Jones (1998), APA style is difficult to learn for first-time learners.
Or
APA style is difficult to learn for first-timers (Jones, 1998).
Note: In case of quoting only ideas, the researcher must rewrite the idea in his/her own words.
b. For verbatim citations
Typically, verbatim citations are for definitions, concepts, or ideas that are so general that the researcher has no other way to express them than by using the original words of the previous authors. In such cases, the researcher should cite according to the following syntax:
Author's name, year of publication, page number of the content. Quotations must be placed in quotation marks.
For example, a product is “anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy a need or want” (Kotler, 2002, p.206).
Or
Kotler (2002) defines a product as “anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy a need or want” (p.206).
II) Cite the author in the article
a. If citing 1-2 authors: Cite their last name and year of publication, using the conjunction “and” or the hyphen “&”
For example, Kotler (2002) says that….
William and Buswell (2003) suggest that....
.....their expectations and perceptions of the service they have used (William & Buswell, 2003)
b. If citing 3-5 authors: Cite the full author and year of publication the first time you mention them, then only cite the first author's last name and use the abbreviation “ctg.” (or et al. in English) to refer to the remaining authors.
For example, Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, and Harlow (1993) argued that…. (first time)
Kernis et al. (1993) suggest that… (second time onwards)
c. If citing six or more authors: Use the last name of the first author and the abbreviation “ctg.” (or et al. in English) to refer to the remaining authors at the beginning.
For example, Harris & ctg. (2001) believe that...
Note: If the author of the article is listed as an organization, the researcher should state the full name of the organization along with the year of publication of the article. In case the organization name is too long or is a famous organization, the researcher can write the abbreviation of the organization name next to the full name in the first citation, and use the abbreviation in the following times.
For example: According to the World Bank (WB) in 2011,... (first time)
According to WB (2011),… (second time)
III) List author and work information in the Appendix
After citing the author and work in the article, the researcher will list full information about the author and work in the Appendix at the end of the research paper. This is a mandatory section to help the reviewer verify the accuracy of the researcher's references, as well as to help other researchers easily find the information cited in the research paper.
a. For the source of the quote being the content of a magazine or newspaper article
Syntax: Author's name, year of publication. Title of article, name of journal (italic), volume (issue/version), page number where the article is published in the journal.
Example 1: Nguyen, TD (2007). Factors affecting the utilization of the Internet by internationalizing firms in transition markets: Evidence from Vietnam. Marketing Intelligence and Planning , 25 (4), 360-76.
Example 2: Van Vugt, M., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R.B. (2008). Leadership, followship, and evolution: Some lessons from the past. American Psychologist , 63(3), 182-196.
Note: Although APA regulations only list the author's last name and initials, in the case of Vietnam, because there are some very common last names (such as Nguyen, Tran, etc.), listing only like that can cause difficulties in the process of searching for information. Therefore, researchers can choose to cite the full name of the cited author or cite according to the original APA standard, but must be consistent in the following citations and cannot use the two citation methods interchangeably (Nguyen Dinh Tho, 2011).
b. For the source of the quote is the content in the book
Syntax: Author's full name (year of publication). Book title (italic), edition. Place of publication: publisher name.
Example 1: Nguyen, D.T. (2011). Scientific research methods in business . Hanoi: Social Labor Publishing House.
Example 2: Frank, R.H., & Bernanke, B. (2007). Principles of macro-economics (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
c. For sources of citations that are content on the Internet
Syntax: Author's name, year of publication. Article name, link, access time
Example: Pham, D. K. (2007). Theoretical basis of network modeling (SEM) - (5 parts), from http://www.mba-15.com/view_news.php?id=774, read on December 19, 2011.
d. For the source of citation is the content of the thesis
Syntax: Author's full name (year of publication). Thesis title (italic), thesis level, faculty, school
Example: Phan, PhD (2004). Some local marketing solutions for Ho Chi Minh City to attract foreign direct investment , Master's thesis, Faculty of Industrial Management, Ho Chi Minh City National University.
Above, the author has briefly presented some key points of APA style citation. However, please note once again that in addition to APA, there are many other recognized citation systems such as MLR, Harvard, Chicago... as well as specific citation regulations of the scientific community in each country and educational institution. Therefore, this article is of reference value for researchers who want to learn and apply APA standard citation. In addition, the citation guidelines presented here are taken from the APA guide version 6, so in new versions of the American Psychological Association, the citation method may change. So we look forward to receiving the attention and comments of other researchers so that the author can perfect the content of his guide. Sincerely thank you!
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